Duqaynta Hargeysa
Hargeysa · dabayaaqadii May – Julaay 1988 · ku dhawaad 90% magaalada oo burburtay
Hargeysa, oo waqtigaas ahayd magaalada labaad ee ugu weyn Soomaaliya isla markaana ahayd caasimaddii hore ee Somaliland Ingiriiska, ayaa la geystay dhacdadii ugu xoogsanayd ee ololaha. Waxaa loo bixiyay dabadeed "Xasuuqii Hargeysa" ama "Dresden of Africa."
Jadwalka hareeraynta
Weerarkii SNM ee Hargeysa wuxuu bilaabmay 2:15 subaxnimo 31 May 1988. Ciidamada dawladdu waxay qaadeen maalin ama laba si ay u abaabulaan aargoosi, ka dibna waxay bilaabeen duqaynta madaafiicda oo laga soo dhigay kuraha buuraha ah ee u dhow Xayawaanka Hargeysa iyo dhabarka Badhka — halkaas oo, sida uu sheegay Saxafi Media, 25 askari ay sameeyeen koox toogasho oo toogatay dad indhaha la xidhay oo gacmaha iyo lugaha la xidhay. Xayirka wakhtiga ayaa maalin kasta hore loo wareejinayay. Bangiyada waa la xiray, gaadhiyaha oo dhan waa la qabsaday adeegga militariga, korontada iyo biyaha waa laga gooyay.
Duqaynta madaafiicda ayaa bilaabatay maalinta seddexaad ee dagaalka, waxaana raacay duqayn cir ah oo ballaaran oo ay fulisay Ciidanka Cirka Soomaaliya. Farsamoyahan isbitaal oo Faransiis ah, Jean Metenier, ayaa saxaafadda u sheegay inuu isagu si toos ah u arkay ku dhawaad labaatan qof oo lagu toogtay derbiga gurigiisa.
Kala saaridda dadka rayidka ah sida beelaha
Maragfur uu ilaaliyay Saxafi Media, oo ka socota markhaati la yiraahdo Khadija Sugal, ayaa sharraxaya hab ula kac ah oo kala saarid ah intii weerarku socday: ciidamada dawladdu waxay isticmaaleen makarafoono si ay dadka ugu kala saaraan iyagoo weydiiya halka ay ka yimaadeen — Galkacyo, Muqdisho, Laascaanood, Garoowe (aagagga aan Isaaq ahayn) — iyagoo ku baaqaya dadka aan Isaaqa ahayn inay ka baxaan ka hor inta aan magaalada la gubin, iyagoo sheegaya in kuwii hadhay la dili doono. Dawladdu waxaa la sheegay inay siisay gaadiid dadka aan Isaaqa ahayn. Maragfurkani waa mid ka mid ah caddaymaha ugu toos ah ee diiwaankan ee beegsiga ula kac ah ee beel-ku-saleysan ee udub dhexaad u ah natiijadii QM ee 2001 ee sheegtay in ololaha uu buuxiyay qeexitaanka sharciga ah ee xasuuqa.
Sheeko qof-ahaaneed oo ku saabsan dhicitaanka magaalada
Sheeko naf-ahaaneed oo taariikh-gaar ah oo dhif ah ayaa ka badbaaday xusuus-qor taxane ah oo loo yaqaan "Xusuusihii Caligurey," oo lagu ilaaliyay Hadhwanaagnews waxaana lagu daabacay blogga somaliland1991.wordpress.com. Isagoo qorayay Addis Ababa, halkaas oo uu joogay xilligaas, qoraagu wuxuu sheekeeyaa dhacdooyin ka dhacay xero qaxooti oo ku taal wadada Xarshin, wuxuuna qeexayaa hal qoraal 17.7.1988 — "dumintii Hargeysa" — isagoo sharraxaya gurmad ka socda Qaybta 26aad oo diyaarad ku yimid Jigjiga isla maalintaas, iyo sawir uu ku daray oo ah duuliyayaasha qandaraaska shisheeye ee horeba lagu daboolay bogga Guudmarka ee diiwaankan. Waxay u muuqataa qayb ka mid ah taxane afar qayb ah; diiwaankani weli lama helin qaybaha kale.
Yaa duulay hawlgallada duqaynta
Cilmi-baare xasuuqa Adam Jones wuxuu qoray in qaxootiga Isaaq ee baxsanayay ay eryeen diyaaradaha dagaalka ee Ingiriiska laga soo saaray, oo ay wadeen duuliyayaal qandaraas ah oo Koonfur Afrika iyo Rhodesia hore ah, kuwaas oo lagu bixiyay ku dhawaad $2,000 hawlgal kasta. The Guardian ayaa u nisbeeyay inta badan burburka magaalada "duqaynta cirka ee duuliyayaasha qandaraaska Zimbabwe ee Gaashaanle Sare Siyaad Barre."
Sheeko faahfaahsan oo Af-Soomaali ah ayaa magacaabaysa liis shaqaale gaar ah oo garoonka Hargeysa joogay, waxayna qandaraaslayaasha shisheeye ku tilmaantay "mowjad labaad." Eeg bogga Shakhsiyaasha Ku Lug Leh si aad u aragto faahfaahin buuxda.
Baaxadda burburka
Isku-duubista ilaha ayaa dhigaysa burburinta inay ahayd 70–90% magaalada. Amnesty International waxay soo warisay in dadka 500,000 ahaa ay qaxeen xudduudka. Koox ka socota GAO ee Mareykanka ayaa soo warisay in dadka 370,000 ahaa hoos u dhacay ku dhawaad 70,000.
Ilaha
- Rakiya Omaar, Human Rights Watch / Africa Watch — "Dawlad La Dagaallamaysa Dadkeeda" (31 Jan 1990) Warbixin caan ah oo 268 bog ah, ay qortay Rakiya Omaar, ku dhisan waraysiyo qaxooti ah oo ay ku qabatay Boqortooyada Midowday iyo Jabuuti. https://www.hrw.org/report/1990/01/31/government-war-its-own-people/testimonies-about-killings-and-conflict-north
- Warbixinta Amnesty International 1998 — Soomaaliya Waxay diiwaan gelisaa helitaanka xabaalo wadareed oo Hargeysa ah. https://www.refworld.org/reference/annualreport/amnesty/1998/en/46766
- Dagaalkii Xoraynta Somaliland — Wikipedia Isha ugu faahfaahsan ee labaad ee diiwaankan la isticmaalay. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland_War_of_Independence
- Duqayntii Burco iyo Hargeysa, 1988 — Wikipedia Maqaal gaar ah; wuxuu si toos ah u xigtaa qoraalka Somaliland1991. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardment_of_Burao_and_Hargeisa_1988
- Aviation Safety Network — Hawker Hunter FGA.76 CC-709, 28 Abriil 1988 Diiwaanka shilka ee Blythe-Wood ee Baydhabo agteeda. https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/144641
- Somaliland1991 — "Duuliyeyaashii Qaybta Libaax Ka Qaatay Duqayntii Somaliland" Sheeko faahfaahsan oo magacaabaysa dhexdhexaadiyaha, shirkadda madhalaysta ah, iyo liiska duuliyayaasha. https://somaliland1991.wordpress.com/2010/07/26/duuliyeyaashii-qaybta-libaax-ka-qaatay-duqayntii-somaliland/
- Somaliland1991 — qoraal-gaaban sawir liis shaqaale ah Qoraal kale oo gaaban oo magacaabaya koox isku mid ah. https://somaliland1991.wordpress.com/page/3/?archives-list=1
- Somaliland Societies in Europe — "Isutagga iyo Kala-tagga Somaliland..." (2014), Somalilandlaw.com Waxay ka hadlaysaa kiiska Samatar iyo "Warqadda Dhimashada." http://www.somalilandlaw.com/SSE_Somalilands_disunion___Scotlands_Ref_R2.1.pdf
- GAO Mareykanka — "Soomaaliya: Fiirsiga Khilaafka Waqooyiga iyo Xaaladaha Ka Dhashay" (GAO/NSIAD-89-159) Waxaa la sameeyay cadaadis congressional ah, ku dhisan waraysiyo qaxooti oo la qabtay booqasho March 1989. https://www.gao.gov/assets/nsiad-89-159.pdf
- The Guardian iyo BBC — waraysiyada duuliyaha ka baxsaday Axmed Maxamed Xasan (1988) Waraysiyo saxaafadeed oo Ingiriis ah oo lala yeeshay duuliye Soomaaliyeed oo diiday inuu duqeeyo Hargeysa. (aan si toos ah loogu xiriirin online — isha daabacan)