Hababka Ololaha
Waqooyiga Soomaaliya · 1980-yadii–1989, iyo cawaaqib sii socda maanta · sida ololaha dhab ahaan loo fuliyay, ka baxsan duqaynta
Duqaynta Hargeysa iyo Burco waa qaybta ololahan ee ugu badan dadku maqlay, haddii ay wax ka maqleen. Laakiin ololahu wuxuu ku fulay hab ballaaran oo hababo ula kac ah leh — xarumo jirdil ah oo qoysaska Isaaqu weli aqoonsan yihiin, ceelal iyo guryo loo beddelay hub ka gees ah dadka mar walba doonaya inay soo laabtaan. Qaar ka mid ah hababkan waxay sii dileen oo curyaamin jireen dad muddo tobanaan sano ah kadib burburka dawladdii ku fashay.
Miinooyinka: in ka badan hal milyan la dhigay, tobanaan sano oo weli la qodayo
Ilo badan oo madax-bannaan — oo ay ku jirto Barnaamijka Cilmi-baarista Xasuuqa ee Jaamacadda Yale — ayaa sheegaya in Soomaaliya ay dhigtay in ka badan hal milyan oo miino ah aagagga rayidka ah taasoo qayb ka ah ololaha. Sahan farsamo oo gooni ah oo uu sameeyay Xarunta Ficilka Miinooyinka ee Somaliland iyada oo la kaashanaysa HALO Trust ayaa helay in ka badan 600 waddo oo miino lagu dhigay iyo ku dhawaad 300 goob oo miino ah oo ku kala firdhisan dalka; labada tiro waxay cabbiraan wax kala duwan (goobo iyo qalab gaar ah) mana khilaafsana. Ilo badan oo madax-bannaan ayaa si gaar ah u xaqiijinaya in miinooyinka lagu dhigay ceelasha iyo ilaha biyaha kale, iyo guryaha agtooda — ma ahayn wax ka soo baxay dagaalka xariiqda hore, laakiin waxay ahaayeen hab ula kac ah oo loogu talagalay in la joojiyo qoysaska Isaaq ee la barakiciyay inay waligood si ammaan ah ugu soo laabtaan dhulkooda.
Qodista miinooyinka ee Somaliland way socotay tan iyo 1991. HALO Trust, urur samafal ah oo lagu aasaasay London March 1988 sarkaal hore oo Ciidanka Ingiriiska ah, wuxuu bilaabay inuu ka shaqeeyo Somaliland 1999 wuxuuna si joogto ah u shaqeeyay tan iyo markaas — in ka badan 25 sano oo wax ka qabanaya wasakhaynta laba xilliyood oo kala duwan: goobaha miino ee la dhigay xilligii Dagaalka Ogaadeen xuduudka Itoobiya-Soomaaliya dabayaaqadii 1970-yadii, iyo wasakhaynta aad uga weyn ee ka timid ololaha 1980-yadii iyo khilaafyada gudaha Somaliland ee horraantii-dhexdhexaadka 1990-yadii ee xornimada ka dambeeyay. Dadka Somaliland waxay sii ahaayeen kuwo ay dileen ama curyaamiyeen miinooyinkan in ka badan saddex tobanaan sano kadib markii ay burburtay dawladdii dhigtay — nooc ka mid ah dhibaato aan ku dhammaan la'aanin dagaalka laftiisa.
Rasaas-tuuridda dadka rayidka ah intii ay cararayeen
Raadinta iyo dilka dadka rayidka ah ee cararaya lugta ayaa si madax-bannaan looga xaqiijiyay ilo badan, oo ay ku jirto sheekada Center for Justice & Accountability laftiisu, taasoo Human Rights Watch laftiisu ku tilmaamay "hab-dagaal argagax leh." Daabacaad ka socota Kulliyadda Taliska Xoogga Cirka ee Mareykanka, oo horeba lagu tixraacay meel kale oo diiwaankan ah, ayaa diiwaan gelisa in qaxootiga cararaya "lagu dhici jiray ciidamada dawladda; qaar badanna waxaa ku dhicin jiray Ciidanka Cirka Soomaaliyeed" intii ay isku dayeen inay gaadhaan xuduudka Itoobiya.
Macaluul la habeeyay: Abaartii Dabadheer
Ka baxsan rabshadaha toos ah, ilo badan ayaa sharraxaya siyaasad ula kac ah oo macaluul la habeeyay — sunta ceelasha, gowraca xoolaha, iyo burburinta beeraha si gaar ah loogu talagalay in dhulka ay Isaaqu ku tiirsanaayeen uusan awoodin inuu ilaaliyo noloshooda, oo hal isha ay barbardhigtay Holodomor-kii USSR loogu yeero "Abaartii Dabadheer." Qaybtan ololaha marar badan kuma soo muuqato tirakoobyada dhimashada ee diirada saaraya dilka toos ah, laakiin waxay qaabeeyay isla dhibaatada barakicinta ee u dirtay boqollaal kun oo qaxooti Itoobiya.
Qaab-dhismeedka jirdilka
Xafiiska Amniga Qaranka ee Soomaaliya (NSS), oo la aasaasay 1970-yadii oo si weyn uga soo jeeda beesha Barre laftiisa, wuxuu noqday mid si aan rasmi ahayn loogu yaqaanay "Black SS," sida uu tilmaamay Center for Justice & Accountability laftiisu. Xarunta su'aal-gelinta ee ugu weyn ee Muqdisho, Godka, waxay maxaabiista ku hayn jirtay unug hoosaad oo joogto ah oo kali-taliyo ah, waxaana lagu diiwaan geliyay sida goob jirdil ah warbixinta 1990 ee Africa Watch ee Human Rights Watch laftiisu qoray, warbixin Amnesty International oo lagu tixraacay diiwaannada maxkamadda socdaalka ee Mareykanka, iyo ilo madax-bannaan oo kale. Xarumo kale oo NSS oo la magacaabay waxaa ka mid ahaa Xabsiga Dhexe ee Muqdisho, iyo saldhigyada Lanta Bur, Labtanjirow, iyo Burwein, iyo "Hangash" — ciidan booliska militari ah oo la aasaasay 1978 asal ahaan si loo kormeeriyo ciidanka laftiisa, kaas oo noqday mid dadka rayidka ahi ka baqaan.
Hababka jirdilka ee la diiwaan geliyay xarumahan waxaa ka mid ahaa garaacid daran, korontada, dhaawac mindiyo ah, iyo hanjabaadyo galmo iyo dil. Laba hab oo gaar ah oo la magacaabay ayaa u baahan in ugu dambeyntii si cad loo sharraxo, maadaama diiwaankani hore u tixraacay isaga oo aan sharraxin waxa uu ahaa: booska "MiG", kaas oo maxbuuska laga foorarsho, la xidho, oo la garaaco — oo horeba lagu tixraacay bogga kiiska Samantar ee diiwaankan xiriirka Bashe Cabdi Yuusuf; iyo jirdilka biyaha, kaas oo maxbuus la xidhay lagu quusiyo ku dhawaad heerka quusidda, ha noqoto madax hore lagu geliyo baaldi ama tanki, ama kolay lagu xidho lagu tuuro badda.
Xarigga oo dhaqaale noqday: "Suuqa Dadka"
Xarigyadu ma ahayn kaliya nidaam cadaadis ah; waxay noqdeen isha dakhli laftiisa. Warbixinta Amnesty International ee kiiska Uffo ee 1981, oo horeba lagu daboolay bogga Uffo iyo Mudaaharaadyada Dhagaxtuur ee diiwaankan, waxay diiwaan gelisaa in saldhigga booliska ee Hargeysa uu noqday mid maxalli ahaan loogu yaqaan "saylada dadka" — halkaas oo qoysasku ku bixin jireen laaluush iyagoo isku dayaya inay helaan sii daynta qaraabo, ka badbaadinta jirdilka, ama xaalado xabsi oo ka wanaagsan.
Qaab aan si buuxda u dhammaan
Febraayo 2024, lix nin oo Isaaq ah ayaa qabtay Hay'adda Sirdoonka iyo Amniga Qaranka ee Soomaaliya (NISA) — heerka casriga ah ee NSS — Muqdisho, kadib dilkii kormeeraha diyaaradaha. Saraakiisha Somaliland ayaa si dadweyne ah uga hadlay welwelka jirdilka iyo xarigga aan sharciga ahayn. Tani waa dhacdo gaar ah oo casri ah, ma aha qayb ka mid ah ololaha 1980-yadii, diiwaankanina kuma soo saarayo gunaanad sharci ah oo labada isku xidha. Waxaa halkan lagu xusay sababtoo qaabka hay'adeed — shakhsiyaal Isaaq ah oo qabtay oo lagu eedeeyay jirdil hay'ad amni oo fadhigeedu Muqdisho yahay — ay tahay mid saraakiisha Somaliland laftood ay si dadweyne ah u sheegeen inuu sii socdo.
Ilaha
- Yale Genocide Studies Program — "Somalia/Isaaq Genocide" Wuxuu sheegayaa in Soomaaliya ay dhigtay in ka badan hal milyan oo miino ah, sunta ceelasha, iyo rasaas-tuuridda dadka cararaya. https://macmillan.yale.edu/gsp/somalia-isaaq-genocide
- The New Humanitarian — sahanka miinooyinka Wuxuu xaqiijinayaa in ka badan 600 waddo iyo 300 goob oo miino ah, iyo in qodistu socoto tan iyo 1991. https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/82096/somalia-somaliland-records-drop-landmine-accidents
- Somaliland Standard — HALO Trust Wuxuu xaqiijinayaa in HALO Trust ay ka shaqaynayso Somaliland tan iyo 1999. https://somalilandstandard.com/press-release-uk-halo-trust-sponsored-mine-action-awareness-day/
- Lacuna Magazine Wuxuu diiwaan geliyaa ceelo la sunbiyay, dhismayaal la duqeeyay, dad cararaya oo la rasaas-tuuray, iyo in ka badan hal milyan oo miino ah. https://lacuna.org.uk/war-and-peace/somalilands-hope-for-transitional-justice-after-the-isaaq-genocide/
- Center for Justice & Accountability Wuxuu sharraxayaa falcelinta dawladda "hab-dagaal argagax leh," oo ay ku jirto raadinta dadka rayidka ah ee cararaya. https://cja.org/where-we-work/somalia/
- Africa Watch — "Somalia: Evading Reality" (1990) Wuxuu diiwaan geliyaa xaaladda maxaabiista ee Godka. https://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/s/somalia/somalia909.pdf
- Amnesty International (1999) Wuxuu diiwaan geliyaa kiiska Uffo iyo naanaysta "saylada dadka." https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/afr520011999en.pdf