Falcelinta Congress-ka Mareykanka, 1988–1990
Congress-ka Mareykanka · Julaay 1988 – dabayaaqadii 1989 · kiis dhif ah oo Congress ka adkaaday xafiis fulineed diidan
Ka duwan inta badan diiwaankan, boggani wuxuu sharraxayaa guul siyaasadeed: olole laba sano ah oo ay hogaaminayeen xildhibaanno Congress ah oo shakhsi ahaan u dhaqmay, kaas oo ka adkaaday xafiiska fulinta oo diidan wuxuuna keenay jarid dhab ah oo la xisaabin karo oo lagu jaray taageerada Mareykanka ee dawladda Barre. Sheekada halkan ku qoran waxay si weyn uga soo qaadataa maqaal sharci 1990 oo uu qoray Xildhibaan Sam Gejdenson.
Xafiis fulineed oo diidan
Ilaa 1988, dawladda Reagan way sii wadday inay Congress-ka ka codsato gargaar dheeraad ah oo Soomaaliya loo diro xitaa markii caddaynta ololaha duqaynta ay sii kordhayeen. Ogosto 1988, Ku-xigeenka Wasiirka Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibedda, Kenneth Bleakley, ayaa si shakhsi ah u baaray xaaladaha Soomaaliya wuxuuna telegram ku diray Safiirka Mareykanka Crigler natiijooyin xaqiijinaya duqaynta cirka, boqollaal maxbuus siyaasadeed, iyo jirdil. Markii xubno Congress ah ay codsadeen inay arkaan telegramka, waa la qarsoodiyay.
Congress-ku wuxuu dhisayaa kiis
Julaay 1988, House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Africa ayaa qabatay dhagaysigii ugu horreeyay, "Reported Massacres and Indiscriminate Killings in Somalia," oo uu marag ka furay Aryeh Neier ee Human Rights Watch. Dhagaysi labaad ayaa raacay 9 March 1989. 8 Sebtember 1988, soddon xildhibaan oo Congress ah ayaa u qoray Wasiir Shultz.
Lacag dhab ah, la joojiyay
Intii lagu jiray 1988, Golaha iyo Senate-ku waxay si wadajir ah u joojiyeen ku dhawaad $55–60 milyan oo gargaar dhaqaale ah. April 1989, kadib markii la sii daayay ilaa 200 maxbuus siyaasadeed, Congress-ku wuxuu sii daayay $15 milyan — laakiin wuxuu sii wadey joojinta $36 milyan oo gargaar dhaqaale ah iyo $2.5 milyan oo gargaar militari ah.
Warbixinta Congress-ku ku qasbay
Sannad ka dib markii Congress-ku ugu horreyn codsaday, Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibedda waxay soo saartay warbixinta Gersony Ogosto 1989. Congress-ku sidoo kale wuxuu sababay warbixinta GAO ee aan qarsoodiga ahayn, "Somalia: Observations Regarding the Northern Conflict and Resulting Conditions" (GAO/NSIAD-89-159).
Isbeddelka
29 Nov 1989, dhammaan siddeedda guddoomiye ee Subcommittee-yada waxay u qoreen Wasiir James Baker. Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibedda waxay beddeshay lacagaha taageerada dhaqaale ee Soomaaliya waxayna joojisay gargaarka militariga.
Marag-furka duuliye, oo la siiyay saxaafadda Ingiriiska
Mid ka mid ah duuliyayaasha Ciidanka Cirka Soomaaliya ee lagu amray inay duqeeyaan Hargeysa, Gaashaanle-dhexe Axmed Maxamed Xasan, ayaa diiday, wuxuuna diyaaraddiisa Mig-17 ku degay xeeb Jabuuti ku taal. Dabadeed wuxuu waraysiyo gaar ah siiyay The Guardian iyo BBC — ma ahayn wax warbaahin Mareykan ah. Eeg bogga Shakhsiyaasha.
Ilaha
- Sam Gejdenson — "Congress Makes U.S. Foreign Policy; Somalia: A Case Study," American University International Law Review, Vol. 5, Iss. 4 (1990) Sheeko qofka koowaad ee xildhibaanka hoggaaminayay ololaha xaddidaadda gargaarka. https://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2003&context=auilr
- GAO Mareykanka — "Soomaaliya: Fiirsiga Khilaafka Waqooyiga iyo Xaaladaha Ka Dhashay" (GAO/NSIAD-89-159) Waxaa la sameeyay cadaadis congressional ah, ku dhisan waraysiyo qaxooti oo la qabtay booqasho March 1989. https://www.gao.gov/assets/nsiad-89-159.pdf
- Human Rights Watch — Warbixinta Adduunka 1989, cutubka Soomaaliya Waxay diiwaan gelisaa qarsoodinta telegramka Bleakley iyo dhagaysiga Juun 1989 ee dawladdu ka maqnayd. https://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/worldreports/world.89/somalia.pdf
- Robert Gersony — "Why Somalis Flee," Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibedda ee Mareykanka, 1990 Daraasad madax-bannaan oo dawladda Mareykanku fuliyay (302 waraysi qaxooti). (aan si toos ah loogu xiriirin online — isha daabacan)
- The Guardian iyo BBC — waraysiyada duuliyaha ka baxsaday Axmed Maxamed Xasan (1988) Waraysiyo saxaafadeed oo Ingiriis ah oo lala yeeshay duuliye Soomaaliyeed oo diiday inuu duqeeyo Hargeysa. (aan si toos ah loogu xiriirin online — isha daabacan)